When you pipe to Format-Table (ft), you’re piping all properties and telling Format-Table you only want to see select properties. Be with Format-Table, it is ONLY made to display formatted for the shell. No data is passed beyond most Format-* commands, so you cannot do Get-Process | Format-Table | Stop-Process, one of Powershell’s Gotchas (see the ebook in the Free Resources). Here is a basic answer to your question:
#Some commands have a lot of information, so they show default properties
#In this case, even the column names are aliases to try to fit the most needed
#information on the screen in a table format
Get-Process
#The first thing you can try is simply using Select-Object to override the formatting
#and showing all properties
Get-Process | Select-Object -Property *
#To show all properties\methods\etc. for a command, use Get-Member
Get-Process | Get-Member -Force
#Another note is commands like Get-ADUser. There is a -Properties parameter. By default, it only
#shows a couple of attributes. You need to specify * for all properties and anytime you want another property
#outside of the defaults, for instance if you wanted default properties and mail, it would be -Property Mail. If
#you see a Property parameter, the command gives you the ability to manipulate what is returned as there is an impact to
#performance and time the more you pull. Get-Process is simply hiding properties to make it simple and easy to read.
Get-ADUser -Property Mail | Select * # would show defaults + mail
Get-ADUser -Property * | Select * #would show ALL properties in Active Directory for users